![]() At each end of the pipeline, flanged connections or ball-joints are provided to enable the submerged lines to be connected to the floating or landlines. They are floated into place, full of air and then sunk in the desired location (thus ‘sinkers’) by flooding the pipe. Submerged pipelines are made by welding a number of pipes together into a long string. All floating pipelines are made in a modular fashion and are connected together by bolts or quick coupling devices. The pipe itself may be made flexible by inserting ball joints in the line at regular intervals or by adding lengths of flexible pressure hose. In all these cases the pipeline must be built to be flexible enough to endure the movement of the sea and currents. Floating pipelines are either formed of steel pipes supported at regular intervals by buoyancy units or surrounded by a buoyant case, or they are composed of pipes made of a buoyant material.
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